肌內、皮下注射是臨床診療、預防的常見操作,一般的技術要求是:右手不動,固定針頭,左手抽動活塞,見無回血后以勻速推注藥液。
就是這個“回血操作”,導致注射時間延長、疼痛增加、降低了治療依從性,尤其對于孩子,更是如此!
佑好(小編)仔細搜索了“回血操作”的來源,發現都是出于《基礎護理學》,它是注射操作的原則之一,也就是說是必須的。沒有發現中國對于 “回血操作”的文獻研究、其他規范性文件或指南。
然后佑好進一步搜索其他臨床指南或者國家規范,發現《中國糖尿病藥物注射技術指南(2016年版)》完全沒有提到糖尿病皮下注射需要回血;國家衛計委發布的《預防接種工作規范(2016版)》(國衛辦疾控發〔2016〕51號)中提到的皮下、肌內注射操作方法,也都沒有了回血的操作,也是提都沒提!
也就是說,最新的國家級文件都已經與國際接軌,廢棄了“回血操作”。(出生在新時代的小朋友有福了,以后打預防針又快、又好,疼痛肯定也會減少,會不會打針也沒那么恐怖了?但是如果不是打預防針,生病了去醫院注射,是不是還是要遭罪啊!中國還沒有文件說醫療肌內、皮下注射不需要“回血操作”呢。)
美國疾控中心最新的注射指南,更加明確,進一步提出在推薦的部位進行注射,不需要“回血操作”,并說明了理由。
基于臨床及護理專家安全考慮的“回血操作”,如果棄之不用,到底會不會引起安全問題呢?
下文的作者也是站在類似角度提出了這個問題,并進行了基于證據的探討。(佑好翻譯水平有限,如有錯漏,還請各位父老鄉親斧正!)
Evidence-based Injection Practice:
To Aspirate or Not
基于證據的注射實踐:回血是否必要
Deb Hettinger BS RN Clinical Education &Training Specialist;
Priscilla Jurkovich MSN, RN, CNORClinical Nurse Educator
SanfordMedical Center, Sioux Falls, SD
PICO Question
臨床問題
AtSMC, will the elimination of aspiration prior to subcutaneous or intramuscularinjections (except for those given in the dorsal gluteal site) remain a safepractice for all patients receiving injections?
在桑福德(SMC,Sanford USD Medical Center美國桑福德醫療中心),對于所有接受注射的患者來說,取消皮下或肌內注射之前的“回血操作”(除了背側臀肌注射點)是否是一個安全措施?
Abstract Summary
摘要
The Sanford USD Medical Center policystated to aspirate for all intramuscular (IM) injections and subcutaneous (SQ)injections except for heparin and insulin. Our practice at SUSDMC was notconsistent with the Center for Disease Control (CDC) recommendations to notaspirate prior to injection.
桑福德的政策規定,除了肝素和胰島素之外,所有肌內注射(IM)和皮下注射(SQ)之前均要實施“回血操作”。我們在桑福德的實際操作與CDC(美國疾病控制與預防中心,其發布的規范或標準,全美醫生都要遵循<譯者注>)推薦的方法不一致,CDC推薦注射前不需要實施“回血操作”。
Areview of literature was performed . The Iowa Model for Evidence-Based PracticeProjects was used. An educational presentation was developed for the ClinicalReasoning Committee (CRC). A policy change was recommended and subsequentlyimplemented through the CRC. This change in practice was communicated throughCRC,NursingSenate and unit meetings.
通過查閱文獻,發現基于事實依據的操作項目Iowa模式被使用,形成了一個有教育意義的報告呈給了CRC(臨床倫理委員會),并建議調整政策,隨后CRC頒布執行了新政策。這項新的改變被CRC、Nursing Senate and unit meetings(護理協會和相關機構會議)傳達。
Review of Literature
文獻綜述
External Evidence
外部證據
?Thereis lack of published data regarding syringe aspiration (2)。
? 目前缺乏有關注射 “回血操作”公開報道的數據(2)。
? Thereis no reported evidence that aspiration with or without blood return
? 沒有證據表明:“回血操作”抽到了血或沒有抽到血。
? Eliminationof the aspiration technique has potential to:
? 取消“回血操作”有潛在價值:
?Reduce injection duration time
?減少注射持續時間
?Decrease injection pain
?減少注射疼痛
?Increase medication injection compliance (3)
?增加藥物注射順應性(3)
? Aspirationduring SQ or IM injection (except for the dorsal gluteal) is not necessarysince there are no major blood vessels in these sites.(4)
? 除背側臀肌外,皮下或肌內注射期間的“回血操作”是不必要的,因為這些部位沒有大的血管。(4)
? Dorsalgluteal site is not recommended for IM injection because of the sciatic nerveand vessels in the area.
? 由于坐骨神經和血管的存在,因此背側臀肌是不建議實施肌內注射的
?ventrogluteal,deltoid, and vastus lateralis are the preferred sites for IM injections sincethey avoid nerves and blood vessels.(1)
?側臀、三角肌和股肌外側是肌內注射的首選部位,因為它們避開了神經和血管。
? Recommendedaspiration injection duration time of 5-10 seconds for confirmation of no blood return is not performedconsistently. (3)
? “回血操作”的目的是確認沒有血液回流,推薦操作時間需持續5-10秒,但這并沒有得到完全的執行。
? Centerfor Disease Control (CDC) recommends that aspiration before injection ofvaccines or oxoids is not necessary because no large blood vessels are presentat the recommended injection sites, and a process that includes aspirationmight be more painful for infants. (1)
? CDC(美國疾病控制與預防中心)推薦,在注射疫苗或藥物之前,“回血操作”是不必要的,因為在推薦的注射部位沒有大的血管,而且“回血操作”的過程對小兒可能更加痛苦。(1)
? Overa 4-year period 36,000 allergy injections were administered using aspirationfor blood return before administration with no blood aspirated during thoseinjections. (5)
? 一個為期超過四年的項目被執行,36000名患者在進行過敏注射時進行“回血操作”,沒有人被抽出血液。
Practice Change &Implementation
操作改變和實施
1.Apolicy change was recommended and implemented through the Clinical ReasoningCommittee:
1、CRC(臨床倫理委員會)推薦和實施政策變更:
? Foradministration of subcutaneous (SQ) and intramuscular (IM) medications, proceedaccording to urses’ Guide to Clinical Procedures except for the followingsteps:
? 對于皮下和肌內注射的實施,除了以下步驟,都按照臨床操作指南進行:
? AdministerSQ injections in the various sites depicted in Nurses’ Guide to ClinicalProcedures but aspiration prior to injection is not recommended.
? 在護理臨床操作指南中描述的各個部位實施皮下注射之前,不推薦實施“回血操作”。
? AdministerIM injections into the deltoid, vastus lateralis or ventrogluteal sites asdepicted in the Nurses’ Guide to Clinical Procedures. Aspiration prior toinjection in these sites is not recommended.Unless it is indicated in thepackage insert for a specific medication, injection into the dorsal gluteal isnot recommended since this site is close to the sciatic nerve. If the dorsalgluteal site is selected, aspirate prior to the injection.
? 在護理臨床操作指南中描述側臀、三角肌和股肌外側部位的肌內注射之前,不推薦“回血操作”。除非藥品說明書中有特別說明,否則不建議注射到背側臀肌,因為該部位靠近坐骨神經。如果選擇背側臀肌,則在注射前需要“回血操作”。
? AdministerSQ or IM vaccines without aspiration prior to injection (1).
? 皮下或肌內注射疫苗之前不需要“回血操作”。
2. This change in practice was communicated through CRC,Nursing Senate and unit meetings.
2、這項操作改變是被CRC、Nursing Senate and unit meetings(護理協會和相關機構會議)傳達。
Outcomes 結果

Preferred sites 優先位置



翻譯水平有限,如有錯漏,敬請斧正!
References
參考文獻
1.General Recommendations on Immunization: Recommendations of the AdvisoryCommittee on Immunization Practice (ACIP). MMWR; January 28,2011, 60 (RR02);1-60.
2.Crawford, Ceclia, Johnson, Joyce. To Aspirate or Not to Aspirate: That is theQuestions: An Integrative Review of Evidence. STTI International NursingResearch Congress. Vancouver, July 2009.
3.Ipp, M., Taddio, A., Sam, J., Goldbach, M., &Parking, P.C. (2007). Vaccinerelated pain: randomized controlledtrial of two injection technique. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 92,1105-1108.
4.Middleton, D.B., Zimmerman, R.K. & Mitchell, K.B (2003). Vaccine schedulesand procedures, 2003. The Journal of Family Practice, 52 (1), S36-S46.
5.Waibel KH. Aspiration before immunotherapy injection is not required. JAllergyClin Immunol 2006; 118: 525-6.